Thursday, November 22, 2007

Telugu literature




Telugu literature

Telugu literature is the literature of the Telugu people, an ethnic group based in southern India.
History :
Early history :
Telugu literature prior to Nannayya Bhattarakudu’s Andhra Mahabharatamu was not preserved, except royal grants and decrees. So, Nannayya is known as Aadi Kavi (the first poet). The advanced and well-developed language used by Nannayya suggests that this may not be the beginning of Telugu literature. Andhra Mahabharatamu was later furthered by Tikanna Somayaji (1205–1288), to be finally completed by Yerrapragada (fourteenth century). Nannaya, Tikanna and Yerrapragada are known as the Kavitraya or the three great poets of Telugu for this mammoth effort. Other such translations like Marana’s Markandeya Puranam, Ketana’s Dasakumara Charita, Yerrapragada’s Harivamsam followed.
It was almost the end of the eleventh century by the time the original Telugu literature came to exist. Some of the early landmarks are Srinathudu’s Sringara Naishadham, Potana’s Dasamaskandham, Jakkana’s Vikramarka Charitra and Talapaka Timmakka’s Subhadra Kalyanam. Literary activities flourished, during the rule of Vijayanagara dynasty. Krishnadevaraya’ s time (sixteenth century) is considered the golden age in the history of Telugu literature. The king, a poet himself, introduced the Prabandha (a kind of love poetry) in Telugu literature with his Amukta Malyada. His court had the Ashtadiggajas (literally "eight elephants") who were the known to be the greatest of poets of that time.
Some critics dismiss the following period, dominated by prabandhas, as a decadent age. Of the dozens of works of the eighteenth to mid nineteenth century, Kankanti Paparaju’s Uttara Ramayana in campu style and the play Vishnumayavilasa stand out. Other genres bloomed at the same time. Innumerable Yakshaganas or indigenous dramas of song and prose works were also produced. Tyagaraja (1767–1847) of Tanjore composed devotional songs in Telugu, which form a big part of the repertoire of Carnatic music.
Modern history :
Charles Philip Brown (1798-1884), was an employee of East India Company whose quest to understand the basic structure of Telugu language made him embark upon an exploration of Telugu literature. His pursuit is said to be the only present day source of the many classics in Telugu literature.
Although the first printed Telugu book was out in 1796, it was a while before the modern period in Telugu literature set in. Young men acquainted with English literature were influenced by Shelly, Keats and Wordsworth, and a new type of romantic poetry called the Bhavakavithwam was born.
Kandukuri Veeresalingam (1848-1919) wrote the first novel in Telugu, Rajashekharacharitramu. Next came the vyavaharika bhasha vadam or using colloquial language in script. Gurajada Apparao with his close associates such as Gidugu Rammurty were primarily responsible for the beginnings of this. His 1910 work Mutyala saralu along with Kattamanchi Ramalingareddy's musalamma maranam (1898), and Rayaprolu Subbarao’s Trunakankatam (1913) form the earliest works heralding a break with traditional poetry.
Various forms
Prabandham
Kavyam
padya kāvyam
gadya kāvyam
Kavitha
Śatakam
Avadhanam
Navala
Katha
Nātakam
Popular authors and works
Aarudhra (ఆరుద్ర) - Samagraandhra Saahithyamu (సమగ్రాంధ్ర సాహిత్యము) (The Complete Telugu Literature)
Abburi Varada Rajeswara Rao (1923-1993) - Varadakaalam
Adavi Baapiraaju - Gona Gannareddy, Naarayanarao, Thuphaanu (The storm)
Alakki Bhaskarudu - " Bhaskara Satakamu"
Ajanta - Penumarti Viswanatha Sastry (born 1922)
Allasani Peddana - Manu charithra (The History of Swarochisha Manu)
Atukuri Molla - Molla Ramayanam
Bammera Pothana - Bhagavatham
Buchchibabu - Chivaraku migiledi (What is Left at the End)
Balivada Kantha Rao-(1927-2000) - (Winner of the Kendriya Sahitya Academy Award)
C. Narayanareddy - Vishwambhara
BHAVASHRI(W.RAMA RAO)
Cha So (1915-1993)
Chaemakoori Venkatakavi Vijayavilaasamu
Chalam - Chithraangi, Maidhaanam, Saavithri
Chilakamarti Lakshmi Narasimham - Gayopaakhyaanam
Daasaradhi - Timiramu lo samaramu (Fighting in the darkness)
Devarakonda Balagangadhara Tilak - Tilak Kathalu; Amritam Kurisina Raatri
Dhurjati - Srikaalahasteesvara Satakam
Duvvoori Raamireddy - Paanasaala
Devulapalli Krishnasastri - Krishna pakshamu (The Brightening Fortnight)
Gadiyaaram Venkataseshasastri - Sivabhaaratham
Gonabuddhareddy - Ranganaatha Raamaayanamu
Gurajada Apparao - Kanyaasulkamu
Gurram Jashuva - Gabbilamu (The bat), Phiradousi
Kaethana - Dasakumaara charithra
Kaloji-"Naa Godava", "Idee Naa Godava"-autobiography
Kandukuri Veeresalingam - Andhrakavula Charithra (The history of Andhra Poets), Raajasekhara Charithra (The history of Rajasekhara)
Kasula Purushottama Kavi - Andhranayaka Satakamu
Kavitrayam (Nannayya, Tikkana, Yerrapragada) - Andhra Mahaabhaarathamu (The great Mahabharatha in Telugu)
Kethu Viswanathareddy - Kethu Viswanathareddy Kathalu
Ko Ku - Chaduvu
Kotikalapudi Seetamma - Ahalyabai, Sadhuraksha Satakamu, Bhaktimargamu, Satidharmamu
Koochimanchi Timmana - Rukmini parinayamu (Rukmini's wedding)
Korlapati Sriraamamurthy - Sreenaadhudu (The poet Srinadha)
Leelavati - Leelavati Ganithamu
Maarana - Maarkandaeya puraanamu
Muddupalani - Radhika Santvanamu
Mullapudi Venkata Ramana - Budugu
Ranganayakamma - Raamayana vishavŕksham
Nandoori Subbarao - Yenki paatalu
Nanne Choadudu - Kumaara Sambhavamu
Nidumolu Prasuna - Saaketa Saarvabhouma (Telugu translation of Tulasidasa Ramayana)
Palagummi Padmaraju - Bathikina collegee
Palkuriki Somanaathudu - Basava puraanamu
Panuganti Lakshmi Narasimham - Saakshi (The witness)
Paravasthu Chinnayasuri - Baalavyaakaranamu
Pingali Soorana - Kalaa poornodhayamu
Rachakonda Viswanathasastri - Alpajeevi (The miserable)
Ramaraaja Bhooshanudu - Vasu charithra
Rangajamma - Mannaru Dasavilasamau
Ravuri Bharadwaja - Paakudu raallu
Raayaprolu Subbarao - Jada kuchchulu, Ramyaaloakam
Sankaramanchi Satyam - Amaravati Kathalu (The stories from Amaravati)
Sri Krishna Deva Raya - Aamukta Maalyadha
Sri Siddappa Varakavi
Sripaada Subrahmanyasastri - Anubhavaalu J~naapakaalu
Sri Sri - Mahaaprasthaanamu
Sri K Sabha - "Vishwarupa Sandarsanam, Vedabhoomi, Mogili, Pathalaganga"
Srinatha - Haravilaasamu, Kaasikhandamu, Palnaati veeracharithra, Sŕngaara naishadhamu
Suravaram Pratapareddy - Aandhrula Saanghika Charithra
Tallapaka Annamacharya (1424?-1503) - Annamacharya keertanalu
Tallapaka Timmakka - Subhadrakalyanam
Tarigonda Venkamamba - Venkatachala Mahatmyamu, Vasista Ramamyanamu, Rajayogasaramu, Bhagavatamu, Krishnamanjari
Tenali Raamakrishna - Paanduranga maahaatmyamu
Thummala Seetaraamamoorthy - Baapu aathmakadha, Rashtra gaanamu
Tikkana - Nirvachanoththara Raamayanamu -
Timmana - Paarijaathaapaharanamu
Tirupati Venkata Kavulu - Paandavodyoga vijayamulu, Devi bhaagavatham
Tirumalamba - Varadambica parinayamu
Tripuranaeni Gopichand - Merupula Marakalu
Tripuraneni Ramaswamy Choudhury - Suthapuranamu,Karempudi kadanam,Kurukshetra sangramam,Kuppuswamy satakam, Sambhukavadha, Suthashrama geethalu', Dhoorta manava, Khooni, Bhagavadgita, Rana Pratap, Kondaveeti pathanam
Unnava Lakshminaarayana - Maala pilla
Viswanatha Satyanarayana - Cheliyalikatta, Kalpavrukshamu, Kinnerasaani Paatalu, Srimadraamaayana kalpavŕkshamu, Swargaaniki Nichchenalu, Vaeyipadagalu, Aekaveera
Vemana - Vemana Satakam
Yandamoori Veerendranath - Vennello aadapilla, Marana Mrudangam, Aanando Brahma, Tulasi dalam, Ashta Vakra, Prarthana
Yerrapragada - Harivansamu, Nrusimhapuranam, half of the aranya parva of MahaBharat

Wednesday, November 21, 2007

అప్పుడప్పుడూ...


అప్పుడప్పుడూ...


మది నిండిన ఎన్నో మధురానుభూతులను

అప్పుడప్పుడూ ఒలక బోసుకుని

ఎంతో ఇష్టం గా తిరిగి గుండె అరల్లో

సర్దుకుంటూ వుంటాను


పాత పుస్తకాల పుటల్లోని నెమలీకలని..

దాచుకున్న ఉత్తరాల మడతల్లోని

మనసుల రూపాలని..

అపురూపంగా పరామర్శిస్తూవుంటాను


పట్టలేని భావోద్వేగాలు

యదను కుదిపేస్తూవుంటే

వాటిని కన్నీరుగాను,కవితలుగాను

మలచుకుంటూ..

తిరిగిరాని బాల్యాన్ని

కన్నుల ముందు ఆవిష్కరించుకుంటూ వుంటాను

నీ జ్ఞాపకం


నీ జ్ఞాపకం

ఒంటరితనం తో జంటకడుతూ ఎన్నాళ్ళిలా

ఊహలకు ఊసులు చెప్పుకుంటూ ఎన్నాళ్ళిలా

పోగుపడిన ఎన్నోభావాలను నీతో పంచుకోవాలని

కరిగిపోయిన క్షణాలను నీ సమక్షంలో తిరిగిపొందాలని

చెరిగిపోయిన చిరునవ్వుని నీ చెలిమితో మరలా చిత్రించాలని..

ఎన్ని ఆశలో తెలుసా...

నీజ్ఞాపకం తాలూకూ ఫలితం...

ఈక్షణం నా చెక్కిలిపై జారుతూవుంది

ఎవరునువ్వు?


ఎవరునువ్వు?


ఎవరునువ్వు?

ఇలా ఎపుడుమారావు?

నేనే గుర్తించలేనంతగా

నీకు నువ్వే నచ్చలేనంతగా

ఇలా ఎపుడు మారావు?


వ్యక్తిత్వం వదిలి

అస్తిత్వం మరచి

వట్టి మెదడుతో

అలా ఎలాబ్రతికేస్తున్నావు?


మిధ్యాలోకం లో మిద్దెలు కడుతూ

మురిసిపోతున్నావా?

పేకమేడలెపుడన్నా చూసావా?

నీటి రాతలెపుడన్నా రాసావా?

వాటి అనందం ఎంత సేపు?

నీకుతెలీదా?


ఇప్పటికన్నా చెప్పు

మనిషిలా ఎపుడు మారతావు?

నీలా నువ్వు మళ్ళా ఎప్పుడు పుడతావు?

Tuesday, November 20, 2007

Sunday, November 18, 2007

Sweet Memories....గుర్తుకొస్తున్నాయ


Sweet Memories....గుర్తుకొస్తున్నాయ

Today i watched the Telugu movie 'Naa Autograph' starring Ravi Teja, Bhoomika, Gopika.It is a walk down the memory lane of a man, through his childhood memories, as a rebellious school kid, as a passionate and later, as a dejected lover. The movie touches your heart, and can even make tears well up your eyes.

The song which especially touched me is the one in which he describes his childhood days in a village in the lush green konaseema. It takes me back to those days in India.......

Naa Autograph

Director:S.GopalReddy

Producer:Bellamkonda Suresh

Cast: Raviteja, Bhumika

Music: M.M.Keeravani

గుర్తుకొస్తున్నాయి గుర్తుకొస్తున్నాయి ...

యదలొతులో యేముఉలనో

నిదురిన్చు గ్నాపకాలు నిద్రలేస్తున్నాయి

గుర్తుకొస్తున్నాయి ర్తుకొస్తున్నాయిఈ

గాలిలో యే మమమ్తలో మా అమ్మ మాటలాగా పలకరిస్తున్నాయి

గుర్తుకొస్తున్నాయి గుర్తుకొస్తున్నాయి

మొదట చూసిన ॑తూరిన్గ్ చినెమ ॑మొదట మోక్కిన దేవుని ప్రతిమ

రేగు పన్డ్లకై చేసిన కుస్తిరాగి చెమ్బుతో చేసిన ఇస్త్రి

కొతి కొమ్మలొ బెణికిన కాలుమేక పొదుగులో తాగిన పాలు

దొన్గ చాటుగా కాల్చిన బీడిఇసుఉతు గాడిపై చెప్పిన చాడి

మోతు బావిలో మిత్రుని మరణమ్ఏకధాటిగా ఏడ్చిన తరుణ

మ్మొదటి సారిగా గీసిన మీసమ్మొదట వేసిన ద్రౌపది వేశమ్నె

లపరిఇక్శలో వచ్చిన సున్నాగోడ కుర్చి వేయిన్చిన నాన్న

పన్చుకున్న ఆ ॑పిప్పెర్మెన్త్॑పీరు సాయబు పూసిన ॑స్చెన్త్॑

చెడుగుడాటలో గెలిచిన కప్పుశావుకారుకెగవేసిన అప్పు

మొదటి ముద్దులో తెలియనితనముమొదటి ప్రేమలో తీయన్దనము

గుర్తుకొస్తున్నాయి గుర్తుకొస్తున్నాయి ...

యదలొతులో యేముఉలనోనిదురిన్చు గ్నాపకాలు నిద్రలేస్తున్నాయి

గుర్తుకొస్తున్నాయి గుర్తుకొస్తున్నాయి

ఈ గాలిలో యే మమమ్తలో మా అమ్మ మాటలాగా పలకరిస్తున్నాయి

గుర్తుకొస్తున్నాయి గుర్తుకొస్తున్నాయి

శ్రీ తాళ్ళపాక అన్నమాచార్య


శ్రీ తాళ్ళపాక అన్నమాచార్య

Sri Tallapaka Annamacharya (1408-1503) the mystic saint composer of the 15th century is the earliest known musician of South India to compose songs called “sankIrtanas” in praise of Lord Venkateswara, the deity of Seven Hills in Tirumala, India. Annamcharya is believed to be the incarnation of Lord Venkateswara's. nandaka (Sword). A rhyming couplet of poems called dwipadaDuring his long and prolific career, Annamacharya composed and sang 32,000 Sankirtanas, 12 Satakas (sets of hundred verses), Ramayana in the form of dwipada, sankIrtana lakshaNam (Characteristics of sankIrtanas), SRngAra manjari, and vEnkaTAchala mahAtmamyam. His works were in Telugu, Sanskrit and a few other languages of India. Annamacharya wrote the sankIrtanas on palm leaves and later his son Tirumalacharya got them engraved on copper plates. But for reasons not known, most of these copper plates lay hidden in the Tirumala temple unnoticed for over 400 years. In 1922, twenty five hundred copper plates, comprising of about 14,000 sankIrtanas and a few other works, were found in a rock built cell, later named as Sankirtana Bhandagaram, opposite to the hunDI (donation box) . Ever since the discovery of this lost treasure, Tirumala Tirupati Devastanams (TTD) and other organizations in India are working hard to promote the music and literature of Annamacharya. written by Tallapaka Chinnanna, grandson of Annamacharya, enabled us to learn about Annamacharya's life and works.

అన్నమయ్య సంకీర్తనాలు
ఏమొకో చిగురుటధరమున (వాల్యూం 12-82)

ఏమొకో చిగురుటధరమున ఎడనెడకస్తూరి నిండెను
భామిని విభునకు వ్రాసిన పత్రిక కాదు కదా

కలికి చకోరాక్షికి కడకన్నులు కెంపైతోచిన
చెలువంబిప్పుడిదేమో చింతింపరేచెలులు
నలువున ప్రాణేశ్వరునిపై నాటినయాకొనచూపులు
నిలువునపెరుకగనంటిన నెత్తురుకాదుకదా

పడతికి చనుగవమెరుగులు పైపై పయ్యెద వెలుపల
కడుమించిన విధమేమో కనుగొనరే చెలులు
వుడుగని వేడుకతో ప్రియుడొత్తిన నఖశశిరేఖలు
వెడలగవేసవికాలపు వెన్నెలకాదుకదా

ముద్దియ చెక్కుల కెలకుల ముత్యపు జల్లుల చేర్పుల
వొద్దికలాగులివేమో ఊహింపరే చెలులు
గద్దరి తిరువేంకటపతి కొగిటియధరామృతముల
అద్దిన సురతపు చెమటల అందము కాదు కదా



List of Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh










List of Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh


This is a list of people who have served as the Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh since its inception as Andhra and later conversion into Andhra Pradesh after the addition of Telangana region.




( October 1953 - 15 November 1954 INC Kosta Guntur 410 Days )
2. Bezawada Gopala Reddy
( 28 March 1955 - 1 November 1956 INC Kosta Vijayawada 584 Days )
3. Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
( 1 November 1956 - 11 January 1960 INC Rayalaseema Anantapur 1166 Days )
4. Damodaram Sanjivayya
( 11 January 1960 - 12 March 1962 INC Rayalaseema Kurnool 791 Days )
5. Neelam Sanjiva Reddy
( 12 March 1962 - 29 February 1964 INC Rayalaseema Anantapur 719 Days )
6.Kasu Brahmananda Reddy
( 29 February 1964 - 30 September 1971INC Kosta Guntur 2770 Days )
7. Pamulaparthi Venkata Narasimha Rao
( 30 September 1971 - 10 January 1973 INC Telangana Karimnagar 468Days)
President's Rule (10 January 1973 - 10 December 1973. Period: 335 Days)
8.
Jalagam Vengala Rao
( 10 December 1973 - 6 March 1978 INC Telangana Khammam 1547 Days)
9. Marri Chenna Reddy
( 6 March 1978 - 11 October 1980 INC Telangana Hyderabad 950 Days )
10. Tanguturi Anjaiah
( 11 October 1980 - 24 February 1982 INC Telangana Hyderabad 501 Days )
11.Bhavanam Venkataram Reddy
( 24 February 1982 - 20 September 1982 INC Kosta Guntur 208 Days )
12. Kotla VijayaBhaskara Reddy
( 20 September 1982 - 9 January 1983 INC Rayalaseema Kurnool 111Days )
13. Nandamuri Taraka Rama Rao
( 9 January 1983 - 16 August 1984 TDP Kosta Krishna 585 Days )
14. Nadendla Bhaskara Rao










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andhra history


ANDHRA HISTORY

The Andhras are originally an Aryan race, believed to have migrated to the south of the Vindhyas where they mingled with the non-Aryans. The earliest accounts of Andhra Pradesh date back to the time of Ashoka the Great Mauriyan king ( 3rd century B.C.) during whose reign it became an important Buddhist center. Even today there still are good evidences of the early Buddhist influence in Amaravathi and Nagarjunakonda, one of the greatest archaeological sites in the India.
The Satavahana dynasty ( 2nd century BC 2nd century A.D), also known as the Andhras, took control of much of central and southern India. They had their capital at Amravati on the Krishna. They enjoyed extensive international trade with both eastern Asia and Europe. The Satavahanas too were great patrons of Buddhism. Subsequently, the Pallavas from Tamil Nadu, the Chalukyas from Karnataka, and the Cholas all held sway. In the 13th century, the Kakatiyas, with their capital at Warrangal, dominated Andhra Desa. They were under the constant threat from Muslim incursions, while later on, after the fall of their city at Hampi, the Hindu Vijayanagars transferred operations to Chandragiri near Tirupati.
In 1323, the Tughlak Sultan of Delhi captured the Kakatiya ruler and ended the dynasty. The Tuglaks never cared to annex the Kakatiyan dominions and four local kingdoms arose out of the old Kakatiyan empire. One of these kingdoms was Vijayanagar. The Vijayanagar empire stood as a bulwark against Muslim expansionism for more than 200 years. Vijayanagar had to contend with Muslim sultanates in the north time and again. Sometimes Vijayanagar joined on sultan against another. These tactics finally led to a grand alliance of the sultanates of Ahmadnagar, Bijapur, Golconda and Bihar against Vijayanagar. On 23rd January, 1565 the Deccan sultans humbled the mighty Vijayanagar army at the battle of Talikota.
The next significant development was in the mid 16th century, with the advent of the Muslim Qutb Shahi dynasty. The Qutb Shahis of Golconda laid the foundations of the modern city of Hyderabad. In 1687, the son of the Moghal emperor Aurangzeb routed the Qutub Shahis and seized Golconda. He appointed Asaf Jah the governor of Deccan. As the Mughal Empire tottered under Aurangzeb's successors, the Asaf Jahis made themselves independent rulers under the title of Nizam. Five years after Aurangzeb died in 1707, the Viceroy of Hyderabad declared independence and established the Asaf Jahi dynasty of Nizams. In return for allying with the British against Tipu Sultan of Mysore, the Nizam was allowed to retain a certain degree of autonomy even after the British had come to dominate all India. The Nizams became involved in the Anglo-French wars in the Deccan and had finally to enter into a subsidiary alliance with the British in 1800.
Andhra Pradesh is the first state in India that has been formed on a purely linguistic basis. When India became independent, the Andhras, that is, the Telugu-speaking people (although Urdu is widely spoken in Hyderabad) were distributed in about 21 districts, 9 of them in the Nizam's Dominions and 12 in the Madras Presidency. On the basis of an agitation, on Oct. 1, 1953, 11 districts of the Madras State were put together to form a new Andhra State with Kurnool as capital. On Nov. 1, 1956 in accordance with the recommendations of the State Reorganization Commission, the Andhra State was enlarged by the addition of nine districts formerly in the Nizam's Dominion. Hyderabad, the former capital of the Nizam, was made the capital of the enlarged Andhra State.
AP thus consists of three distinct regions
coastal region, comprising of nine districts, generally called Andhra,
the interior region, consisting of four districts collectively known as Rayalaseema and
Telengana region, consisting of the capital Hyderabad and nine adjoining districts. From 1969 to 1972 AP was rocked by riots, first in Telengana, then in Andhra on the question of bifurcation of the state. The central Government refused to consider the question of bifurcation. A six-point formula was put forward by the then Prime Minister Mrs. Indira Gandhi as a compromise. The formula was generally accepted and peace was restored in the state. The six-point formula has been incorporated into the Constitution as the Thirty-second Amendment in 1973.
In 1995, under pressure from militant wives upset with wasteful drinking habits of their men, the state government imposed a total ban on alcohol, making Andhra Pradesh India's second major dry state after Gujarat.

Historical Information on Andhra Pradesh

It is believed that the people of Andhra Pradesh basically belong to the Aryan race. They are said to have migrated to the south of the Vindhyas, where they mixed up with the non-Aryans. The history of Andhra Pradesh dates back to the time of Ashoka the Great Mauriyan king ( 3rd century B.C.). This state became an important Buddhist center during his reign. The evidences of the Buddhist influence can be seen in Amaravathi and Nagarjunakonda. These are regarded as one of the greatest archaeological sites in India.

The Early Andhra Pradesh

The earliest dynasty that ruled Andhra Pradesh was the Satavahana dynasty ( 2nd century BC 2nd century A.D), also known as the andhras. They were ruling much of central and southern India at that time. They established their capital at Amravati on the banks of river Krishna. They were very much indulged in international trade with both eastern Asia and Europe. The Satavahana kings were followers of Buddhism and they worked towards the welfare of this religion. Later, Andhra Pradesh was ruled by the Pallavas from Tamil Nadu, the Chalukyas from Karnataka, and the Cholas. The Kakaityas also ruled this state in 13th century and they established their capital at Warangal. This dynasty had to face several Muslim invasions. Later on, after the demolition of Hampi, the kings of Hindu Vijayanagar kingdom, shifted their base to Chandragiri near Tirupati.

The Muslim Expansion

The Kakatiya dynasty ended in 1323, when the Tughlak Sultan of Delhi captured the Kakatiya ruler. After the death of Kakatiya empire, four local kingdoms arose out of the old Kakatiyan empire. One of these kingdoms was Vijayanagar. This empire was a strong empire which rose against the Muslim expansion for more than 200 years. Vijayanagar kings fought bravely with Muslim sultanates in the north, which was attacked by the invaders time and again. In order to weaken the Vijayanagar empire, many sultans joined one another. Finally a grand alliance of the sultanates of Ahmadnagar, Bijapur, Golconda and Bihar was formed against Vijayanagar. Thus, the Vijayanagar army was defeated on 23rd January, 1565 by the Deccan sultans at the battle of Talikota. Subsequently, in the mid 16 th century, the Muslim Qutb Shahi dynasty emerged. The foundation of the modern city of Hyderabad was laid by the Qutub Shahis of Golcunda. They were defeated by the son of the Moghal emperor Aurangzeb in 1687, who seized Golconda. He appointed Asaf Jah the governor of Deccan. Later, when the Mughal Empire was decaying under Aurangzeb's successors, the Asaf Jahis were collecting power to become independent rulers under the title of Nizam. Five years after the death of Aurangzeb, in 1707, Hyderabad was declared independent by its Viceroy and thus, established the Asaf Jahi dynasty of Nizams. The Nizams helped the British against Tipu Sultan of Mysore and therefore they were rewarded a certain degree of autonomy even at the timem, when the British dominated all India. The Nizams were also involved in the Anglo-French wars in the Deccan. But, finally they had enter into a subsidiary alliance with the British in 1800.

Post-Independence

Andhra Pradesh is one of the first states in India which was formed only on the linguistic basis. After India's independence, the andhras, that is, the Telugu-speaking people (although Urdu is widely spoken in Hyderabad) were distributed in about 21 districts. Out of them 9 were in the Nizam's Dominions and 12 in the Madras Presidency. But after an agitation, on October 1, 1953, 11 districts of the Madras State were consolidated to form a new andhra State with Kurnool as capital. Later, on November 1, 1956 the State Reorganization Commission recommended to enlarge the andhra State by adding nine districts which were in the Nizam's Dominion. The city of Hyderabad, became the capital of the enlarged Andhra Pradesh, which was also the capital of the Nizam.