ANDHRA HISTORY
The Andhras are originally an Aryan race, believed to have migrated to the south of the Vindhyas where they mingled with the non-Aryans. The earliest accounts of Andhra Pradesh date back to the time of Ashoka the Great Mauriyan king ( 3rd century B.C.) during whose reign it became an important Buddhist center. Even today there still are good evidences of the early Buddhist influence in Amaravathi and Nagarjunakonda, one of the greatest archaeological sites in the India.
The Satavahana dynasty ( 2nd century BC 2nd century A.D), also known as the Andhras, took control of much of central and southern India. They had their capital at Amravati on the Krishna. They enjoyed extensive international trade with both eastern Asia and Europe. The Satavahanas too were great patrons of Buddhism. Subsequently, the Pallavas from Tamil Nadu, the Chalukyas from Karnataka, and the Cholas all held sway. In the 13th century, the Kakatiyas, with their capital at Warrangal, dominated Andhra Desa. They were under the constant threat from Muslim incursions, while later on, after the fall of their city at Hampi, the Hindu Vijayanagars transferred operations to Chandragiri near Tirupati.
In 1323, the Tughlak Sultan of Delhi captured the Kakatiya ruler and ended the dynasty. The Tuglaks never cared to annex the Kakatiyan dominions and four local kingdoms arose out of the old Kakatiyan empire. One of these kingdoms was Vijayanagar. The Vijayanagar empire stood as a bulwark against Muslim expansionism for more than 200 years. Vijayanagar had to contend with Muslim sultanates in the north time and again. Sometimes Vijayanagar joined on sultan against another. These tactics finally led to a grand alliance of the sultanates of Ahmadnagar, Bijapur, Golconda and Bihar against Vijayanagar. On 23rd January, 1565 the Deccan sultans humbled the mighty Vijayanagar army at the battle of Talikota.
The next significant development was in the mid 16th century, with the advent of the Muslim Qutb Shahi dynasty. The Qutb Shahis of Golconda laid the foundations of the modern city of Hyderabad. In 1687, the son of the Moghal emperor Aurangzeb routed the Qutub Shahis and seized Golconda. He appointed Asaf Jah the governor of Deccan. As the Mughal Empire tottered under Aurangzeb's successors, the Asaf Jahis made themselves independent rulers under the title of Nizam. Five years after Aurangzeb died in 1707, the Viceroy of Hyderabad declared independence and established the Asaf Jahi dynasty of Nizams. In return for allying with the British against Tipu Sultan of Mysore, the Nizam was allowed to retain a certain degree of autonomy even after the British had come to dominate all India. The Nizams became involved in the Anglo-French wars in the Deccan and had finally to enter into a subsidiary alliance with the British in 1800.
Andhra Pradesh is the first state in India that has been formed on a purely linguistic basis. When India became independent, the Andhras, that is, the Telugu-speaking people (although Urdu is widely spoken in Hyderabad) were distributed in about 21 districts, 9 of them in the Nizam's Dominions and 12 in the Madras Presidency. On the basis of an agitation, on Oct. 1, 1953, 11 districts of the Madras State were put together to form a new Andhra State with Kurnool as capital. On Nov. 1, 1956 in accordance with the recommendations of the State Reorganization Commission, the Andhra State was enlarged by the addition of nine districts formerly in the Nizam's Dominion. Hyderabad, the former capital of the Nizam, was made the capital of the enlarged Andhra State.
AP thus consists of three distinct regions
coastal region, comprising of nine districts, generally called Andhra,
the interior region, consisting of four districts collectively known as Rayalaseema and
Telengana region, consisting of the capital Hyderabad and nine adjoining districts. From 1969 to 1972 AP was rocked by riots, first in Telengana, then in Andhra on the question of bifurcation of the state. The central Government refused to consider the question of bifurcation. A six-point formula was put forward by the then Prime Minister Mrs. Indira Gandhi as a compromise. The formula was generally accepted and peace was restored in the state. The six-point formula has been incorporated into the Constitution as the Thirty-second Amendment in 1973.
In 1995, under pressure from militant wives upset with wasteful drinking habits of their men, the state government imposed a total ban on alcohol, making Andhra Pradesh India's second major dry state after Gujarat.
The Satavahana dynasty ( 2nd century BC 2nd century A.D), also known as the Andhras, took control of much of central and southern India. They had their capital at Amravati on the Krishna. They enjoyed extensive international trade with both eastern Asia and Europe. The Satavahanas too were great patrons of Buddhism. Subsequently, the Pallavas from Tamil Nadu, the Chalukyas from Karnataka, and the Cholas all held sway. In the 13th century, the Kakatiyas, with their capital at Warrangal, dominated Andhra Desa. They were under the constant threat from Muslim incursions, while later on, after the fall of their city at Hampi, the Hindu Vijayanagars transferred operations to Chandragiri near Tirupati.
In 1323, the Tughlak Sultan of Delhi captured the Kakatiya ruler and ended the dynasty. The Tuglaks never cared to annex the Kakatiyan dominions and four local kingdoms arose out of the old Kakatiyan empire. One of these kingdoms was Vijayanagar. The Vijayanagar empire stood as a bulwark against Muslim expansionism for more than 200 years. Vijayanagar had to contend with Muslim sultanates in the north time and again. Sometimes Vijayanagar joined on sultan against another. These tactics finally led to a grand alliance of the sultanates of Ahmadnagar, Bijapur, Golconda and Bihar against Vijayanagar. On 23rd January, 1565 the Deccan sultans humbled the mighty Vijayanagar army at the battle of Talikota.
The next significant development was in the mid 16th century, with the advent of the Muslim Qutb Shahi dynasty. The Qutb Shahis of Golconda laid the foundations of the modern city of Hyderabad. In 1687, the son of the Moghal emperor Aurangzeb routed the Qutub Shahis and seized Golconda. He appointed Asaf Jah the governor of Deccan. As the Mughal Empire tottered under Aurangzeb's successors, the Asaf Jahis made themselves independent rulers under the title of Nizam. Five years after Aurangzeb died in 1707, the Viceroy of Hyderabad declared independence and established the Asaf Jahi dynasty of Nizams. In return for allying with the British against Tipu Sultan of Mysore, the Nizam was allowed to retain a certain degree of autonomy even after the British had come to dominate all India. The Nizams became involved in the Anglo-French wars in the Deccan and had finally to enter into a subsidiary alliance with the British in 1800.
Andhra Pradesh is the first state in India that has been formed on a purely linguistic basis. When India became independent, the Andhras, that is, the Telugu-speaking people (although Urdu is widely spoken in Hyderabad) were distributed in about 21 districts, 9 of them in the Nizam's Dominions and 12 in the Madras Presidency. On the basis of an agitation, on Oct. 1, 1953, 11 districts of the Madras State were put together to form a new Andhra State with Kurnool as capital. On Nov. 1, 1956 in accordance with the recommendations of the State Reorganization Commission, the Andhra State was enlarged by the addition of nine districts formerly in the Nizam's Dominion. Hyderabad, the former capital of the Nizam, was made the capital of the enlarged Andhra State.
AP thus consists of three distinct regions
coastal region, comprising of nine districts, generally called Andhra,
the interior region, consisting of four districts collectively known as Rayalaseema and
Telengana region, consisting of the capital Hyderabad and nine adjoining districts. From 1969 to 1972 AP was rocked by riots, first in Telengana, then in Andhra on the question of bifurcation of the state. The central Government refused to consider the question of bifurcation. A six-point formula was put forward by the then Prime Minister Mrs. Indira Gandhi as a compromise. The formula was generally accepted and peace was restored in the state. The six-point formula has been incorporated into the Constitution as the Thirty-second Amendment in 1973.
In 1995, under pressure from militant wives upset with wasteful drinking habits of their men, the state government imposed a total ban on alcohol, making Andhra Pradesh India's second major dry state after Gujarat.
Historical Information on Andhra Pradesh
It is believed that the people of Andhra Pradesh basically belong to the Aryan race. They are said to have migrated to the south of the Vindhyas, where they mixed up with the non-Aryans. The history of Andhra Pradesh dates back to the time of Ashoka the Great Mauriyan king ( 3rd century B.C.). This state became an important Buddhist center during his reign. The evidences of the Buddhist influence can be seen in Amaravathi and Nagarjunakonda. These are regarded as one of the greatest archaeological sites in India.
The Early Andhra Pradesh
The earliest dynasty that ruled Andhra Pradesh was the Satavahana dynasty ( 2nd century BC 2nd century A.D), also known as the andhras. They were ruling much of central and southern India at that time. They established their capital at Amravati on the banks of river Krishna. They were very much indulged in international trade with both eastern Asia and Europe. The Satavahana kings were followers of Buddhism and they worked towards the welfare of this religion. Later, Andhra Pradesh was ruled by the Pallavas from Tamil Nadu, the Chalukyas from Karnataka, and the Cholas. The Kakaityas also ruled this state in 13th century and they established their capital at Warangal. This dynasty had to face several Muslim invasions. Later on, after the demolition of Hampi, the kings of Hindu Vijayanagar kingdom, shifted their base to Chandragiri near Tirupati.
The Muslim Expansion
The Kakatiya dynasty ended in 1323, when the Tughlak Sultan of Delhi captured the Kakatiya ruler. After the death of Kakatiya empire, four local kingdoms arose out of the old Kakatiyan empire. One of these kingdoms was Vijayanagar. This empire was a strong empire which rose against the Muslim expansion for more than 200 years. Vijayanagar kings fought bravely with Muslim sultanates in the north, which was attacked by the invaders time and again. In order to weaken the Vijayanagar empire, many sultans joined one another. Finally a grand alliance of the sultanates of Ahmadnagar, Bijapur, Golconda and Bihar was formed against Vijayanagar. Thus, the Vijayanagar army was defeated on 23rd January, 1565 by the Deccan sultans at the battle of Talikota. Subsequently, in the mid 16 th century, the Muslim Qutb Shahi dynasty emerged. The foundation of the modern city of Hyderabad was laid by the Qutub Shahis of Golcunda. They were defeated by the son of the Moghal emperor Aurangzeb in 1687, who seized Golconda. He appointed Asaf Jah the governor of Deccan. Later, when the Mughal Empire was decaying under Aurangzeb's successors, the Asaf Jahis were collecting power to become independent rulers under the title of Nizam. Five years after the death of Aurangzeb, in 1707, Hyderabad was declared independent by its Viceroy and thus, established the Asaf Jahi dynasty of Nizams. The Nizams helped the British against Tipu Sultan of Mysore and therefore they were rewarded a certain degree of autonomy even at the timem, when the British dominated all India. The Nizams were also involved in the Anglo-French wars in the Deccan. But, finally they had enter into a subsidiary alliance with the British in 1800.
Post-Independence
Andhra Pradesh is one of the first states in India which was formed only on the linguistic basis. After India's independence, the andhras, that is, the Telugu-speaking people (although Urdu is widely spoken in Hyderabad) were distributed in about 21 districts. Out of them 9 were in the Nizam's Dominions and 12 in the Madras Presidency. But after an agitation, on October 1, 1953, 11 districts of the Madras State were consolidated to form a new andhra State with Kurnool as capital. Later, on November 1, 1956 the State Reorganization Commission recommended to enlarge the andhra State by adding nine districts which were in the Nizam's Dominion. The city of Hyderabad, became the capital of the enlarged Andhra Pradesh, which was also the capital of the Nizam.
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